Free Speech -- Liberty Rights Papers Internet Censorship

Free Speech â€Å"Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by subduing the freeness of speech.† These words were spoken by Benjamin Franklin, one of our nation’s founding fathers, when the United States was still a newly independent country. Free speech, which is defined as the right to express any opinion in public without censorship or restraint by the government, is a subject that is still present in the minds of many people today. At one extreme of the spectrum is a group of folks that do not care the slightest bit about free speech issues and at another end is a group of people who will vehemently fight to protect their right to free speech. In a middle ground, like most peoples’ stance, lay a large group of individuals who only take notice and take action regarding such issues when they become personally affected. Only when a person is confronted directly with someone or something that limits their actions or ability to express themselves do they begi n to realize just how much they take the right to free speech for granted. And not only is free speech threatening issues becoming more common today, but the age at which individuals come across these threats to free speech is getting even younger. It is starting quite early for today’s children as they are becoming well acquainted with perhaps the most widespread but least recognized threat to our free speech, internet content filters. According to the Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility’s (CPSR) Frequently Asked Questions on filtering, a content filter is one or more pieces of software that work together to prevent users from viewing material found on the Internet and is described by the Electronic Frontier Foundation as a software mechanism for... ...ob at actually restricting access to inappropriate material and rather do a much better job at blocking beneficial resources. First and foremost the issue of government-imposed internet content blocking must be addressed. Once a solution to that has been applied, then the use of filters in general can be tackled. The solution to this can best be summed up by the following quote from the National Research Council’s book, Youth, Pornography, and the Internet, â€Å"Swimming pools can be dangerous for children. To protect them, one can install locks, put up fences, and deploy pool alarms. All these measures are helpful, but by far the most important thing that one can do for one’s children is to teach them to swim.† Once parents address the issues through communication with their children, there will be much less of a need for the â€Å"filtering† software on the market today.

Outline and assess the main positions in the secularisation debate

Abstract This essay tackles the main positions of the secularisation debate. To begin with, this essay examines the ‘bottom up/demand-side’ theory of secularisation, which postulates that as societies go through the process of industrialisation, the religious values that underpin the societal fabric will inevitably erode as the citizenry become more impervious to spiritual pursuits. This essay also examines the importance of the ‘market’ approach to the theory of secularisation, arguing that the top down/supply side perspective is of fundamental significance in order to understand the persistence of religious practice in modern societies. Introduction The secularisation debate has acquired a growing influence in recent years, due to the onset of the postmodern age. Postmodernism posits that in the age of instantaneous communications and ubiquitous access to technology, rigid and fixed classifications pertaining to religion, class, gender and race have been significantly eroded. The main positions in the secularisation debate focus on two distinct approaches (Fitzgerald, 2000: 133). The first perspective that is postulated for examination relates to the ‘bottom up/demandside’ idea of secularisation. According to this view, as societies go through the process of industrialisation, the religious values that underpin the societal fabric will inevitably erode as the publics become more impervious to spiritual pursuits (Gauchet, 1999: 40). At the same time’, the ‘top down/supply side’ theory of secularisation, which highlights that the need for spirituality remains constant across national boundaries, p laces a great deal of emphasis on the role of religions institutions in maintaining adherence to theological principles. This essay will begin by charting the idea that secularisation responds to the gradual phasing out of religious values in modern societies. The second part of the essay will concentrate in the manner in which these values are permanently re-imposed on societies by religious leaders and organisation. Crucially, the second section of the essay highlights the importance of the ‘market’ approach to the theory of secularisation, arguing that the top down/supply side perspective is of fundamental significance in order to understand the persistence of religious practice in modern societies. The bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation The main view propounded by this theory of secularisation is that the advent of the scientific method and rational observation as a method to create societal improvement has shaken the theological foundations that were influential in shaping the evolution of the Western world (Gauchet, 1999: 45). The erosion of supernatural interpretations of the nature of the world has been a permanent cultural phenomenon in the Western world since the advent of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on universal categorisation that could be subject to empirical observation and rational testability standards (Martin, 1993: 93). The rational template endorsed by industrialised societies rendered the theological claims imposed by the major religions incompatible with the needs of the existence of human collective that relied in an increasing manner on the benefits brought forward by technological advancement (Martin, 2005: 55). There was a gradual and consistent loss of religious faith in Western societ ies that ultimately resulted in the unravelling of theological practices and Church attendances (Martin, 1993: 97). In addition, this provoked a relative corrosion of the social and cultural meanings attached to religious identity, along with a move away from allegiance to political parties and organisations based on denominational values. According to this theory of secularisation, religious and scientific values are at loggerheads, with a constant undermining of Bible teachings by making reference to the Darwinian teachings put together in the theory of evolution (Martin, 1969: 25). The knowledge gained by society through scientific advancement and its application to technological improvements, coupled with the expansion of education opportunities, impacted on the cultural changes that were ushered in Western societies. It could be posited that the tenets of the Enlightenment undercut the metaphysical principles that were responsible for maintaining societal cohesion during the Middle Ages (Martin, 2005: 59). Thinkers like Max Weber stated that the onset of industrialisation and mass capitalism produced an environment of opinion conducive to reducing the idea of the supernatural to the domain of human rationality and subjected to the explanations taken from the hard sciences rather than making reference to metaphysical arguments (Gauchet, 1999: 49). The attainments made by Western societies in the sciences and the feats that took place in the realm of engineering and technology has emphasised the importance of subjecting nature to the control of man (Bruce, 2002: 59). These developments were responsible for a change of perception regarding the advent of personal tragedies and natural disasters on the part of a growing number of individuals, who started to regard those eventsin rational terms, instead of attributing them to mysterious forces outside the control of man. Accordingly, the intellectual authority held by religious ministers became just one of the sources of knowledge to be taken into account (Berger, 1969: 30). Their authority was put in direct competition with the people who displayed their professional expertise across many fields of study and who made use of the rational method. At the same time, the gradual separation between state and church that took place in many European nations and the United States, couple d with the emergence of bureaucratic apparati and modern political parties led to the discrediting of traditional religious institutions. The industrialisation of Western societies had attached to it a series of changes that impacted upon the ability of individuals to experience mystical experienced (Harris, 2005: 61). This includes the steep decline in communal life, the fragmentation between nature and man and the increased use of technology. It is worth mentioning that the interpretation put forward by Max Weber regarding the bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation is based on the effects that the Lutheran Reform and the industrial revolution had on the development of political and religious life in Western Europe and North American (Idinopulos and Wilson, 1998: 101). The idea of disenchantment with the world, as propounded by Weber, compelled individuals to seek salvation in the pursuit of material gain, hence eroding the very foundations of transcendental Christian thin king (Tremlett, 2009: 22). The growing importance of Rationalism was necessarily conducive to being sceptical about the existence of an omnipotent and omniscient God, ultimately resulting in the debunking of religion as a method of explain natural phenomena (Bruce, 2002: 67). It is also important to stress that a bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation can also be understood according the functionalist perspective underlined by Emile Durkheim (Durkheim, 1912, 1995: 73). The French sociologist identified the loss of functional purpose as one of the main reasons behind the erosion of the centrality of religion in the institutional make-up of modern societies (Norris, 2004: 130). This functionalist perspective highlights the idea that a scheme of theology does not just represent a system of beliefs about the nature of existence (Asad, 2003: 90). Instead, it is also a framework of actions concerning certain and certain rituals and symbolism that are performed to signpost the passage of time across the person’s natural lifespan (Durkheim, 1912, 1995: 30). These symbolisms were responsible for maintaining a high degree of social cohesion and stability, hence producing common goods that could be enjoyed by all members of society (Davie, 1994: 88). Conversely, the industrialisation Western European and North American societies generated the fragmentation of the social space by inducing process of technical differentiation that dispersed the sources of knowledge (Wilson, 1966: 76). The specialisation of knowledge production stripped the ecclesiastical authorities of the powers that they had in determining which epistemological approaches should be pursued and how the knowledge created was to be disseminated (McCutcheon, 2003: 119). In addition, all the charity organisations of Christian extraction that had for centuries been in charge of providing for the disenfranchised members of society were replaced by welfare states subsidised by government institutions (Bruce, 2002: 62). These events were the immediate result of the reappraisal of the role of religious doctrines and organisation. By the late nineteenth century, the doctrines and practices proposed by the Church were not deemed to be functional to the task of ensuring th e material welfare of the population (Tremlett, 2009: 19). Instead, the state had become a kind of secular god that had encroached into many areas of the lives of individuals (Berger, 1969: 147). This entailed that the role of religious institutions were strictly confined to the personal realm; in the public domain, the faith gradually ceased to become a powerful force in the shaping of the political evolution of the nation. The top up/supply side theory of secularisation The views exposed in the previous section can be juxtaposed to the perspective highlighted by the top up/supply side theory of secularisation. This perspective underlines the conditions brought about by the spread of religious freedom in contemporary societies, which led to a competitive environment in the market for religious adherents amongst theological organisations (Davie, 1994: 93). This view makes an analogy between theological organisations and business firms, all of which struggle in order to capture a growing segment of the market. The top up/supply side theory of secularisation postulates that the competition between different religious denominations has a positive impact on the preservation of religion as a vibrant force in society (Asad, 2003: 33). This approach explains the manner in which, for example, the level of religious adherence is larger in countries like the United States, where the different theological denomination are engaged in permanent competition in orde r to attract new adherents (Idinopulos and Wilson, 1998: 111). This theory puts forward the notion that an intense competition between the different denominations result in churches striving to keep a dynamic spiritual environment in their congregations, hence helping to retain the relevance of religion in their community (Harris, 2005: 58). In the United States, this has generated a situation in which the older denominations such as Lutherans, Catholics and Presbyterians are losing ground to the evangelical religious organisations. Whilst the evangelical movements demand a great deal of effort on the part of the would-be adherents, they also offer a more intense religious experience than the older denominations; which seems to be a determinant factor in attracting support for their cause (Asad, 1993: 145). Furthermore, the top up/supply side theory of secularisation posits that in cases where religious life is dominated by theological organisations that are directly subsidised by the state, the clergy seems to be less keen to engage with the community of believers, hence leading to the decay of spiritual life in their communities (Stark and Iannaccone, 1994: 232). This theoretical approach seems to replicate the idea that state-owned organisations, be them of an economic or religious nature, tend to be less innovative than private ones (Davie, 1994: 19). For example, in Northern Europe, the established Protestant churches are able to fend off the threat posed by other Christian denominations (Wilson, 1966: 58). This means that the clergy does not have to overexert itself in order to attract the attention of their would-be religious adherents (Asad, 2003: 14). Consequently, this led to a situation in which religious attendance declined in a significant manner, since the number of optio ns available in the spiritual market tends to be quite reduced (McCutcheon, 2003: 46). However, this does not explain the reasons behind the consistently high levels of religious attendance in Southern European and Latin American countries, in spite of the monopoly enjoyed by the Catholic Church (Martin, 1969: 28). It could be argued that a pluralist religious template as the basis for a high level of religious attendance represents a theoretical blueprint that can only be successfully applied to particular settings (Berger, 1969: 61). It would appear that many of the tenets espoused by this particular theory of secularisation are not based on a sound methodological framework (Harris, 2005: 55). To be sure, the idea of a competitive religious market as an instrument that allows countries to reverse religious decline can only be applied to the United States, which is a society that has traditionally been based around the development of communal life; strongly informed by religious v alues in order to connect individuals to their particular cultural and geographical setting (Asad, 1993: 66). At the same time, it has been argued that the level of religious attendance have remained quite consistent across the ages, which entails that there have been no substantial secularisation process as a result of the onset of modernity (McCutcheon, 2003: 48). In addition, it has been noted that the ‘market’ theory of religion can provide a sound basis for explaining overall trends in religious adherence (Stark, 1999: 249). In fact, in Western societies, periods of low attendance alternated with periods of higher levels of religious fervour (Idinopulos and Wilson, 1998: 98). It is therefore important to concede the possibility that the top up/supply side theory of secularisation may provide with a sound framework of reference in order to examine the level of religious adherence in across the ages (Stark, 1993: 389). It would appear that the postmodern condition do es not necessarily mar the possibility of a reconstitution of religious life along more fluid doctrinal lines (Stark, 1999: 260). This goes some way towards rebutting the assumptions put forward by the bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation (Wilson, 1966: 61). The ‘market’ interpretation of religious adherence may provide a better way of understanding the extent to which modern societies have been secularised (Wilson, 1966: 82). The dynamic interactions that take place in the social space give rise to the possibility of more fluid (and therefore more vibrant) religious denominational structures that may rehabilitate the spectrum of religious life in postmodern societies (Stark and Iannaccone, 1994: 231). It could be posited that this trend, directed from the top down and informed by a strong supply side approach borrowed from the field of economics, is ultimately a better way to understand the reasons behind the persistence of religious life in modern societies (Asad, 2003: 14). Conclusion By way of conclusion, it may be posited that the bottom up/demand side theory of secularisation provides with some interesting insights regarding the evolution of religious life in societies that have been affected by the process of industrialisation and modernisation, to be sure, the application of scientific methods of interpreting the nature of reality resulted in profound changes in the nature and extent of religious practice in Western European and North American societies (Berger, 1969: 77). The specialisation of technical knowledge production removed power from the religious authorities regarding the way in which knowledge was to be pursued, created and spread (Norris, 2004: 41). Moreover, the onset of modernisation and industrialisation gave the state a great deal of power in order to provide welfare provisions for its citizens, hence stripping the church institutions of their functional purpose (Fitzgerald, 2000: 122). Notwithstanding the validity of these arguments, they do not explain the persistence of religious attendance throughout the ages (Stark, 1993: 390). There seems to be an inherent human drive to seek the ultimate explanations of the nature of existence by referring to supernatural forces, which explains the resilience of religious practice across the ages. The postmodern condition has given rise to new forms of religious and spiritual practices that thrive thanks to the way in which they are able to utilise technology in order to fulfil their mission (Asad, 1993: 45). For all the reasons cited above, it could be concluded that the theory of secularisation fails to explain the continued interest shown by people in pursuing spiritual avenues for personal advancement; an interest that seems to be more vibrant than ever in the age of fluid doctrinal requirements for religious practice. Bibliography Asad, T. (1993) Genealogies of Religion, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD Asad, T. (2003) Formations of the Secular, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA Berger, P. (1969) The Sacred Canopy, Anchor Books, Garden City, NY Bruce, S. (2002) God is dead-Secularization in the West, Blackwell, Oxford Davie, G. (1994) Religion in Britain since 1945, Blackwell, Oxford Durkheim, E. (1912, 1995) The Elementary Formations of Religious Life, Free Press, New York, NY Fitzgerald, T. (2000) The Ideology of Religious Studies, Oxford University Press, Oxford Gauchet, M., (1999) The Disenchantment with the World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ Harris, S. (2005) The End of Faith, Free Press, New York Idinopulos, T. and Wilson, B. (1998) What is ReligionOrigins, Definitions and Explanations, Brill, Boston Martin, D. (1993) A General Theory of Secularization, Gregg Revivals, Aldershot Martin, D., (1969) The Religious and the Secular, Routledge, London Martin, D. (2005) On Secularisation, Aldergate Publishing Company, Aldershot McCutcheon, R. (2003) The Discipline of Religion-Structure, Meaning, Rhetoric, Routledge, London Norris, P. (2004) Sacred and Secular, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Stark, R. and Iannaccone, L., A Supply Side Reinterpretation of the Secularization of Europe, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion ,Vol. 33, No. 3 (Sep., 1994), pp. 230-252 Stark, R., Europe’s Receptivity to New Religious Movements: Round Two, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Dec., 1993), pp. 389-397 Stark, R., Secularization, R.I.P. Source: Sociology of Religion, Vol. 60, No. 3, Autumn, 1999, pp. 249-273 Tremlett, P. F. (2009) Religion and the Discourse on Modernity, Continuum, New York Wilson, B. (1966) Religion in Secular Society, C. A. Watts, London

SAT Scoring - Find Out What Your Score Means

An SAT score is the score awarded to students who have completed the SAT, a standardized test administered by the College Board. The SAT is an admissions test commonly used by colleges and universities in the United States.   How Colleges Use SAT Scores The SAT tests  critical reading, mathematics, and writing skills. Students who take the test are given a score for each section. Colleges look at the scores to determine your skill level and readiness for college. The higher your score is, the better it looks to admission committees who are trying to determine which students should be accepted to their school and which students should be rejected.   Although SAT scores are important, they are not the only thing that schools look at during the admissions process. College admissions committees also consider essays, interviews, recommendations, community involvement, your high school GPA, and much more.   SAT Sections The SAT is split into several different test sections: Reading Test  - This portion of the exam includes command of evidence, words in context, and data analysis questions.  Writing and Language Test  - The questions on the SAT Writing and Language test your ability to analyze writing and correct writing errors. Questions focus on word choice, organization, impact, evidence, and standard English conventions.Math Test  - This section of the SAT asks questions related to algebra, data analysis, and advanced math (complex equations, geometry, trigonometry).  Essay (Optional)  - Students can take the SAT or the SAT with Essay. In other words, the essay is optional. Before you decide not to do the essay, though, you should know that some colleges and universities require SAT essay scores as part of the admissions process. SAT Scoring Range SAT scoring can be very hard to understand, so we are going to take a closer look at how each section is scored so that you can make sense of all of the numbers. The first thing that you need to know is that the scoring range for the SAT is 400-1600 points. Every test taker receives a score in that range. A 1600 is the best score you can get on the SAT. This is what is known as a perfect score. Although there are some students that get a perfect score every year, it is not a very common occurrence.   The two main scores that you need to worry about are: Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Score: The EBRW score combines your scores from the Reading Test and the Writing and Language Test. Your EBRW score will range from 200-800 points.  Math Score: The math score ranges from 200-800 points.   If you decide to take the SAT with Essay, you will be given a score for your essay as well. This score ranges from 2-8 points, with 8 being the highest possible score.

How to Conjugate Jouer (To Play) in French

The French verb  jouer  means to play. This is a very common regular  -er  verb and it is used so much that youll want to be able to use it properly. That means that you need to know how to conjugate it and understand how to use it to mean different types of play. A quick French lesson will show you how all that is done. Conjugating the French Verb  Jouer Just as in English, French verbs need to be conjugated to match the tense of the sentence. You will use a different form of jouer when you want to say playing in the present tense, played in the past tense, and will play in the future tense.   The good news for French students is that  joeur is a  regular -er verb. It follows the most commonly found conjugation pattern in the French language, which means that it is easier to memorize. This is particularly true if youve studied similar regular verbs like  sauter  (to jump) or  poser  (to put), or any of the other words that fall into this group. We will begin with the indicative mood. You must first identify the verb stem (jou-), then add various endings based on the subject pronoun and the tense of your sentence. Using this chart, you can learn that I am playing is  je joue  and that we will play is  nous jouerons. Practicing these in context will help you memorize them, so go ahead and play around with  jouer. Present Future Imperfect je joue jouerai jouais tu joues joueras jouais il joue jouera jouait nous jouons jouerons jouions vous jouez jouerez jouiez ils jouent joueront jouaient To form the  present participle  of jouer, add -ant  to the verb stem. The result is jouant. Among the many compound tenses that you can learn, the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is the most common and easiest to construct. To form this past tense of  jouer, you will use the  past participle  jouà © along with the auxiliary verb  avoir.  For example, we played is  nous avons jouà ©. There are a few more simple conjugations you can use for  jouer  and they each serve a purpose. The  subjunctive and the  conditional each imply uncertainty to the action in their own way. If you do much reading, its possible that you will come across either the  passà © simple or the  imperfect subjunctive. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je joue jouerais jouai jouasse tu joues jouerais jouas jouasses il joue jouerait joua jout nous jouions jouerions joumes jouassions vous jouiez joueriez joutes jouassiez ils jouent joueraient jourent jouassent There will be times when you want to say something as simple as, Play! For this, the  imperative verb mood is used and you can skip the subject pronoun completely, leaving it at Joue! Imperative (tu) joue (nous) jouons (vous) jouez Jouer  With No Preposition Jouer with no preposition means to play, have fun, or fool around: Arrà ªte de  jouer!  -  Stop playing/fooling around!Je  fais  Ãƒ §a pour  jouer.  -  Im doing that for fun. In reference to music, theater, television, and movies,  jouer  means to play or perform: Quel  orchestre  va  jouer  ce  soir?  -  Which orchestra is playing tonight?Tu  joues  trà ¨s  bien. -  You act very well.  / Youre a very good actor. Jouer  can also mean to gamble, bet, wager,  to speculate (in the stock market), or to deceive or dupe, as  in:   Messieurs,  faites  vos  jeux.  -  Gentlemen, place your bets. (roulette especially) Jouer  With Prepositions Jouer  can be used both transitively and intransitively, and it requires different prepositions depending on what exactly is being played. Jouer à  Ã‚  means to play a  game or sport, or to play with something: Il  joue  aux à ©checs.  -  Hes playing chess.Nous  allons  jouer  au  golf.  -  Were going to play golf.Elle  ne  joue  pas à   la poupà ©e.  -  She doesnt play with dolls.  jouer  Ãƒ   la  guerre  -  to play soldiers Jouer de  means to play a musical instrument: Jaimerais  jouer  du piano. -  Id like to play the piano.Depuis  quand  joue-t-elle  de la  flà »te?  -  How long has she played the flute?Il  ne  sait  pas  jouer  de la  guitare.  -  He doesnt know how to play the guitar. Jouer  avec  means to play or toy with: Il  joue  toujours  avec  ses  cheveux. -  Hes always playing/fiddling with his hair.Il  ne  faut  jamais  jouer  avec  les  sentiments. -  You should never play with someones feelings. Jouer  sur  means to play on, use, or exploit: Jaime  jouer  sur  les  mots. -  I like to play with words  / make plays on words.Il  faut  jouer  sur  leffet  de surprise.  -  We should use the element of surprise. Using Se Jouer Se  jouer, the pronominal form of  jouer,  can be used in the  passive voice or the active voice  with quite different meanings. Passive In film: to be on,  to be shownIn theater:  to be on,  to be performedA piece of music:  to be played  or  performed Active   Mon sort  va  se  jouer  sur  cette  dà ©cision.  -  My fate  depends/hangs  on this decision.Lavenir du pays  se  joue  dans  cette  nà ©gociation.  -  The fate of the country  depends / hinges  on the outcome of these negotiations.en  se  jouant  -  with the greatest of ease Se  jouer  de  is the  pronominal  form plus the preposition  de.  It means to ignore, or to deceive, dupe, fool. Expressions With Jouer As you might imagine, there are a number of common French expressions that use  jouer. Among those are a few that you need to conjugate. Others already define the subject, so the conjugation is done for you (unless you change the subject pronoun). jouer avec le feu to play with fire (literally and figuratively) jouer franc jeu to play fair jouer le jeu to play the game (literally and figuratively) jouer un mauvais/vilain tour quelqun to play a dirty trick on someone se la jouer to show off (informal) Je ne joue plus. Im not playing anymore.(figuratively) I dont want to have any part of this anymore. quel jeu joues-tu? What do you think youre playing at? Ne joue pas au plus fin avec moi! Dont try to be smart/clever with me! Bien jou! (games) Well played! / Good move!(figuratively) Well done! Rien nest encore jou. Nothing has been decided yet. jouer gros jeu (literally and figuratively) to play for high stakes / big money jouer un rle (literally and figuratively) to play a part /a role jouer des poings to use ones fists

The Hidden Truths Behind The Education System - 1300 Words

In America, individuals tend to not speak about the hidden truths behind the education system. Everyday minorities are deprived of education because of low income to afford school and other various reason. These reasons extend to that lack family support, demographics and being from foreign countries and not speaking the native language. Achievement gap goes all the way back to slavery. It shows how minorities were never on top and were never seen as equal their superiors. In today’s society’s minority’s feel like they are owed for what people from back then had done to them. Some people tend to say history is not important anymore but in reality, it really is. It needs to be talked about, to explain the effect these things have. As for me†¦show more content†¦Various published articles suggest â€Å"that the achievement gap between rich and poor children is widening a development that threatens to education’s leveling effects† (Tavernise, Sabrina. Education Gap Grows Between Rich and Poor, Studies Say. The New York Times. The New York Times, 09 Feb. 2012. Web. 12 May 2016.) . This shows that in education you have to be one the right side to seek the best. Kids are deprived of learning because of the resources that they lack. It is known that children who are from prosperous families tend to do better in school. But the income divide has received far less attention from policy makers and government officials than gaps in student accomplishment by race. Studies are finding that while the achievement gap between white and black students has narrowed down over the past few years. The gap between rich and poor students has grown extensively during the same period. A reason for this grow in achievement gap, is that they say, â€Å"could be that wealthy parents invest more time and money than ever before in their children (ballet, music lessons, math tutors, and in overall active in their children’s schools), while lower-income families, which are now more likely than ever to be headed by a single parent, are increasingly stretched for time and resources† (Tavernise, Sabrina. Education Gap Grows Between Rich and Poor, Studies Say. The New York Times. The New York

Communication Barrier Free Essays

Communication Barrier between Local and International Student in Malaysia. The increasing number of international student in Malaysia brings many benefits to the country as well to the local students. However, there are many problems that faced by these international students in this country. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Barrier or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of them is communication barrier between the local students. Communication barrier always bring difficulty to them when interacting with the local students in the campus. This includes both verbal and non-verbal communication. These are the barriers:- * Limited interaction There are limited interactions between the local and international students. The international students or the local students only communicate with each other when there are group discussions in the class or a meeting on a group assignment. They like to be with their own group of friends that are similar nationality, race and culture with them. These bring them to have less communication with the other group of students. If this thing keeps continuing then the international students cannot learn the host country culture, tradition and beliefs. They also will have less knowledge about the host country. Later on, this will bring difficulty to the international students when they enter in the work field at the host country. * Poor language The local and the international students also have problems with the language. In Malaysia, there are only two languages that are used widely not only in the university but in the whole country, which is Bahasa Malaysia and English Language. The international students or the local students only use English Language when communicating with each other because the international students don’t know the local language which is Bahasa Malaysia. The international students that not from English spoken country like students from China, Turkey, Arab and Japan, always have problem to speak in English with the local students. Some of the local students or the Malaysian students also have the same problems when speaking English with the international students. These problems occur due to poor language skills. This make them to communicate non-verbally more than verbal. * Few close friends The international students in Malaysia have few close friends. They like to be friend with people that make them comfortable. They also make less new friends. This make them always think in the box and not out of the box. Most of the international students don’t like to be friend with the local students. Same goes with the local students. These things occur due to some thought of similarity between them. They make these things more important than the other rest like to make friends to learn new thing and to gain knowledge. * Slang Slang is colloquial language, where words mean something other than their formal meanings, or where words are used that is not actual English words. Sometimes slang or vernacular words will become dictionary words through use and custom. Slang also one of the biggest communication barriers between the local and international students. The international student’s slang or accent also brings difficulty to the local students when talking with them. They hard to understand what the international students try to tell them and sometimes, these will also bring misunderstanding between them. Due to these problems, they communicate less with each other. Reference 1. Hasri Hassan, Zulaikha Nurain Mudzar, Lucien Low, (2013), Corporate Communication, Pearson, Kuala Lumpur. 2. http://blogs. nottingham. ac. uk/chinapolicyinstitute/2013/01/28/integration-of-chinese-internationals-students-with-the-local-community-issues-arising-from-the-sccs-community-building-forum/ 3. http://english. peopledaily. com. cn/90001/90782/90872/7233749. html 4. http://www. awej. org/? article=20 5. http://www. purdueexponent. org/campus/article_f0ea98bd-10f3-5507-b699-b85e32fb1955. html 6. http://www. ijbssnet. com/journals/Vol. _2_No. _7;_Special_Issue_April_2011/5. pdf How to cite Communication Barrier, Papers

Family Perspectives on Aggressive Cancer †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Family Perspectives on Aggressive Cancer. Answer: Introduction The primary sources that can provide information about the Mrs. Walkers medical history are the people who were taking care of her earlier as cited in Alzheimers, 2015. According to the case study, it elaborates that those people who were caring Mrs. Walker are the family, medical team and her psychogeriatric. These people must have kept some records concerning medicine Mrs. Walker takes. In reference to Burge et al (2014), the case of Mrs. Walker requires adaptive stage of interview. The reason for the adaptive method of the discussion is that the patient, Mrs. Walker, may fail to speak at this moment. Her health has deteriorated. When diagnosing her, one should concentrate on the non-verbal movement she is making this is according to D'onofrio et al (2015). On the other hand, she may also get angry at any moment. There is need to be patient while diagnosing Mrs. Walker. On should acknowledge the feeling of Mrs. Walker in order to get to the cause of what is happening to her. It is what referred to us the adaptive stage of the interview is, where one acknowledges how patient the feels. Identifying health problems in older people requires some concentration. The way nurses do assessment to the younger people differs from the older people. There are various reasons why older people need specific assessment tools in reference to Groot et al (2016). The first reason is that older patients have some particular complication that comes because of aging. For instance, the older person may experience walking difficult, due to this, he or she may need diagnosis at home. Another essential thing is that older people may have hearing problems that is why while assessing them one needs to even concentrate on the facial expression of the patient. The vital assessment tools inevitable in the case of Mrs. Walker are the psychological assessment tool and the medical assessment tools as cited in Holthoff et al (2015). Walker is suffering dementia, which may cause some memory problems this is according to Kentish-Barnes et al (2015). After the unsuccessful effective communication to her, it may be essential to discuss the difficulties a psychiatric nurse. The psychiatric nurse handles both memory and mental issues. The nurse may provide the effective way of treating the patient. After that, it is easy to get the unmet ways that are important to address in referencing to Lee et al (2018). The nurses will assess the situation of Mrs. Walker and give the best direction to go. In addition to, it is good to handle the nurse with an assessment tool. The psychological assessment tool that was earlier elaborated may be given to the nurse for further assessment. The nurse that should operate with Mrs. Walker requires maintaining the standards. These standards comprise of ensuring the confidentiality of Mrs. Walker. Another thing is that the nurse should support the policies of the law as stated by Mace Rabins (2017). On the other hand, the nurse should also ensure that the services are timely and are of quality. Lastly, he or she should maintain good communication. Restraints refer to the preventive steps that are applied to a patient to control the movement or behavior of that specific patient. The reason why this limitation is used in the patient is to prevent further injuries that may be reported this is according to Miyajima et al (2014). In addition to that, the boundary also helps to maintain the safety of the people around the patient. The nurse taking care of the patient is the one responsible for deciding on how the restraint is going to take action. The type of restriction applicable in the case of Mrs. Walker is the physical restraint. The reason why this is the best restraint is that she had become a stress to both caregivers and the family. Besides that, she burnt herself due to instability in the kitchen. Physical restraint will control her movement hence no more physical injuries. Once this restriction is put in place, there should be only specific people that attend to Mrs. Walker.The first reason that causes weight loss in the case of Mrs. Walker is the loss of interest in food. The family states that she is not eating and this may lead to this problem. Food is essential to increase the weight of the body. The second reason that causes weight loss is the unbalanced eating meal. Mrs. Walker has been only consuming food, which cannot maintain the weight of the individual. The balanced diet is the one that makes the body weight to be at a good point. The third point is that dementia causes memory loss. Most probably, she has forgotten to eat most of the moments. The last thing is the stress; Ornstein et al (2015) stated that dementia brings a lot of pressure to the patient and the concentration drops. It is why caregiver is necessary to monitor the eating habit of Mrs. Walker. Physical disability makes some complication such as Mrs. Walker cannot cook herself in that case. When one does not prepare, there is no eating and thus leading to loss of weight. In addition to that, Mrs. Walker may experience some problems of taking food to her mouth. This problem persists and many days she can go without food. Several health professions can health Mrs. Walkers family deal with her condition. The general health practitioner has skills to help in the situation. It is essential to discuss changes in Mrs. Walkers body with the general practitioner. Besides that, the type of medication she has been undergoing is also necessary. The public health practitioner will use all these to give the best healthcare.There are various ways in which inadequate oral health care contributes to poor health in older people. The first way is poor chewing of food. The reason that might bring poor chewing is the dental problems. One needs to visit a dentist to ensure that the tooth are right conditions. The second unfortunate care is the inadequate saliva flow. Saliva is the one responsible for good swallowing. If the patient has weak saliva flow, she may develop dry mouth and poor swallowing of food. The other thing is the decay of teeth. Teeth take part in digesting food. If they are worn out, older people do not understand well and thus brings inadequate health care. The other thing may be the lips problem, which may make the older person not to consume hot food. Good health is essential for everyone; however, caring the old people who have dementia may be a bit challenging. In this case, Mrs. Walker needs oral health care to maintain good health. The vital things that one should look at while doing oral assessment should comprise the following. The first one is the missing teeth. Teeth are an essential part of the mouth that helps in digesting food, and if one is missing, it is possible to replace. The other thing is the rate of the periodontal infection that is affecting Mrs. Walker. Moreover, tooth decay is another aspect that determines oral assessment. Lastly, the lips need to be checked whether they have cracked or not. There are many ways in which Mrs. Walkers daughter can assist her to maintain good teeth. There are behaviors that the two should adapt to achieve the best result. The first thing is that, if Mrs. Walker is feeling pain on the gums while using the toothbrush, her daughter can use cotton instead to do the cleanliness of the mouth. The other guidance is that the daughter should do the tooth cleaning when Mrs. Walker is calm and able to cooperate with her. If Mrs. Walker develops a tendency of swallowing the toothpaste, the doctor can try the homemade once to avoid other complications. On the other hand, they can seek professions to clean the dentures. Most importantly, after every meal, the daughter should clean the dentures to prevent entry of bacteria. Some dentures may not fit well, and it is advisable that you wait over time. If the problem persists, they should see a dentist to correct the situation. Lastly, the daughter should remove the dentures when Mrs. Walker wants to go and sleep. She can even soak the dentures. The best assessment of this case is the functional assessment. In this assessment, it elaborates on the status of the patient and the environment may affect the situation. The nurse responsible for Mrs. Walker should use the functional assessment tools to establish on how Mrs. Walker can help herself. In addition, if support is necessary, she should be provided.Dementia is a disorder that causes fall in the capability of the brain of a person to carry out daily activities. In this case, of Mrs. Walker, the type of dementia that is affecting her is the Alzheimer. It is the most prevalent type of dementia. This type of infection leads to several defects in the affected individual in reference to Stroebe et al (2017). The problems include memory loss, poor perception and reasoning, communication problems and inability to pay attention to a particular thing. The signs and symptoms of dementia start at a low pace in the patient and slowly grows to worsen situations. The brain cells of the affected person are usually interfered with at all moment. Because of that, the brain experiences challenges to communicate with other parts of the body. When you have any member of the family showing the signs, one should not ignore but report to a doctor. Early treatment helps in managing the disease. The difference between the end of life care and palliative care is a nightmare for many people. Palliative care takes into account care and treatment of people who are under severe complication this is according to Poblador-Plou et al (2014). In many cases, the cure of the disorder may be painful. The signs and symptoms of the illness are put under control in this care. Palliative care does not focus only on the life of the patient undergoing treatment, but also the people providing care to that patient. Apparently, the way the caregiver lives cares even. It involves the consideration across the board including spiritual, psychological and social responsibility. On the other hand, end of life care is part of the palliative care. This portion of palliative care looks at the health of individuals who are near to end life. When the patient dies, it should be a death of dignity rather than regretful death. Another essential part of the end of life care is the incorporation of legal issue s while providing care to the patient as stated by Winblad et al (2016). After the two weeks of medication, Mrs. Walker still has deteriorated health. The worse health status brings the need to discuss the situation with a general health officer concerned with dementia. The medical officer suggests that the first thing her daughter can do is to change the medicine used to control the memory loss problem. However, before doing this, a doctor must be consulted according to Peters et al (2015). Another option suggested by the officer is to take Mrs. Walker to surgery to check for the brain tumor. In addition to the above, the officer indicates some other medication that the daughter can buy for her. The medicine includes vitamins that can rectify lack of vitamin B12 in her body. The other drug is the one that treats the depression problem. Lastly, the additional step that the daughter should take is to visit a psychiatrist to give further advice continuously. There are benefits if Mrs. Walker feels that her environment is physically and emotionally relaxed. The first impact is that it provides ample time for her daughter to give her the drugs. When she follows the dose prescribed, the effect of the disease reduces. The second importance is that she will eat very comfortably and gain weight. For proper digestion of food to happen in the body, it also requires peace of mind. Feeling positive in her emotion and physical state will allow her to socialize with others this is in reference to Prince et al (2016). Socializing reduces the lousy feeling now and then. On the other part, people around her will feel free to interact with her. It is evident that everyone had feared her because of some physical problems she may cause. When Mrs. Walker is cold, she will last longer than expected. The reason why carer recognition act was implemented is to educate more people on roles of carer in ensuring that there are support and care for people with mental challenges, disability or too old as stated by Wiener et al (2015). The carer recognition act of 2010 provides the way the person caring the patient and the patient himself should be considered. The following three consideration provides ways in which legal act care for the two people. The person caring the patient has the right to confidentiality. The patient and the carer have right to complain. The two people have right to be recognized. When caring for a deceased patient, there are the different aspect that still needs consideration. The first thing is that there should be the continuous support to the family. The second thing is that the offices where the deceased might have work should also take a step in ensuring the deceased fare well. Lastly, another thing that is considered is the donation of tissues. Romero et al (2014) stated that, there are things that one should take caution while caring for the deceased. The first thing is that you must prepare the family members before they come to view the body. Secondly, you should always remain calm. Do not express any anger or attempt of violence in the scene. In case the deceased died in another environment, do not remove anything from the body until the body is identified. The first way is to contact the bereaving family as soon as possible and establish any need required. The second thing is to leave the family to express themselves. Expression gives the opportunity to do away with all the anger as illustrated in Wright et al (2016). References Alzheimers, A. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.Alzheimer's dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association,11(3), 332. Burge, F., Lawson, B., Johnston, G., Asada, Y., McIntyre, P. F., Grunfeld, E., Flowerdew, G. (2014). Bereaved family member perceptions of patient-focused family-centred care during the last 30 days of life using a mortality follow-back survey: does location matter?.BMC palliative care,13(1), 25. D'onofrio, G., Sancarlo, D., Addante, F., Ciccone, F., Cascavilla, L., Paris, F., ... Chiarini, R. (2015). Caregiver burden characterization in patients with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,30(9), 891-899. Groot, C., Hooghiemstra, A. M., Raijmakers, P. G. H. M., Van Berckel, B. N. M., Scheltens, P., Scherder, E. J. A., ... Ossenkoppele, R. (2016). The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials.Ageing research reviews,25, 13-23. Holthoff, V. A., Marschner, K., Scharf, M., Steding, J., Meyer, S., Koch, R., Donix, M. (2015). Effects of physical activity training in patients with Alzheimers dementia: results of a pilot RCT study.PLoS One,10(4), e0121478. Kentish-Barnes, N., Chaize, M., Seegers, V., Legriel, S., Cariou, A., Jaber, S., ... Mathonnet, A. (2015). Complicated grief after death of a relative in the intensive care unit.European Respiratory Journal,45(5), 1341-1352. Lee, E. E., Chang, B., Huege, S., Hirst, J. (2018). Complex Clinical Intersection: Palliative Care in Patients with Dementia.The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,26(2), 224-234. Mace, N. L., Rabins, P. V. (2017).The 36-hour Day: A Family Guide to Caring for People who Have Alzheimer Disease, Other Dementias, and Memory Loss. JHU Press. Miyajima, K., Fujisawa, D., Yoshimura, K., Ito, M., Nakajima, S., Shirahase, J., ... Miyashita, M. (2014). Association between quality of end-of-life care and possible complicated grief among bereaved family members.Journal of palliative medicine,17(9), 1025-1031. Ornstein, K. A., Teresi, J. A., Ocepek-Welikson, K., Ramirez, M., Meier, D. E., Morrison, R. S., Siu, A. L. (2015). Use of an item bank to develop two short-form FAMCARE scales to measure family satisfaction with care in the setting of serious illness.Journal of pain and symptom management,49(5), 894-903. Peters, M. E., Schwartz, S., Han, D., Rabins, P. V., Steinberg, M., Tschanz, J. T., Lyketsos, C. G. (2015). Neuropsychiatric symptoms as predictors of progression to severe Alzheimers dementia and death: the Cache County Dementia Progression Study.American Journal of Psychiatry,172(5), 460-465. Poblador-Plou, B., Caldern-Larraaga, A., Marta-Moreno, J., Hancco-Saavedra, J., Sicras-Mainar, A., Soljak, M., Prados-Torres, A. (2014). Comorbidity of dementia: a cross-sectional study of primary care older patients.BMC psychiatry,14(1), 84. Prince, M., Comas-Herrera, A., Knapp, M., Guerchet, M., Karagiannidou, M. (2016). World Alzheimer report 2016: improving healthcare for people living with dementia: coverage, quality and costs now and in the future. Romero, M. M., Ott, C. H., Kelber, S. T. (2014). Predictors of grief in bereaved family caregivers of person's with Alzheimer's disease: A prospective study.Death studies,38(6), 395-403. Stroebe, M., Schut, H., Boerner, K. (2017). Cautioning health-care professionals: Bereaved persons are misguided through the stages of grief.OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying,74(4), 455-473. Wiener, L., Weaver, M. S., Bell, C. J., Sansom-Daly, U. M. (2015). Threading the cloak: palliative care education for care providers of adolescents and young adults with cancer.Clinical oncology in adolescents and young adults,5, 1. Winblad, B., Amouyel, P., Andrieu, S., Ballard, C., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., ... Fratiglioni, L. (2016). Defeating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society.The Lancet Neurology,15(5), 455-532. Wright, A. A., Keating, N. L., Ayanian, J. Z., Chrischilles, E. A., Kahn, K. L., Ritchie, C. S., ... Landrum, M. B. (2016). Family perspectives on aggressive cancer care near the end of life.Jama,315(3), 284-292.